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Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay (, (ウクライナ語:Микола Миколайович Миклухо-Маклай);〔English variations of his name include: ''Nicolai Nicolaevich de Miklouho-Maclay'' (1 ),(2 ), ''Baron de Miklouho-Maklai'' which he used in letter writing, and others. In scientific literature, especially where he discovered sponge species, his surname is cited as ''Miklucho-Maclay''.〕 1846–1888) was a Russian〔(A Noble Cause: the Life and Work of Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay (1846-1888) ) Sydney University Museums-The University of Sydney〕 explorer, ethnologist, anthropologist and biologist who became famous as the first scientist to settle among and study people who had never seen a European.〔Webster, E. M. (1984). ''The Moon Man: A Biography of Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay''. University of California Press, Berkeley. 421 pages. ISBN 0-520-05435-0〕 Miklouho-Maclay spent the major part of his life travelling and conducted scientific research in the Middle East, Australia, New Guinea, Melanesia and Polynesia. Australia, though, became his adopted country and Sydney the home town of his family.〔Wongar, B., Commentary and Translator's Note in Miklouho-Maclay, N. N. ''The New Guinea Diaries 1871-1183'', translated by B. Wonger, Dingo Books, Victoria, Australia ISBN 978-0-9775078-1-8〕〔(Shnukal, A. (1998), 'N. N. Miklouho-Maclay in Torres Strait' ), ''Australian Aboriginal Studies'', Vol. 1998, 1998〕 He became a prominent figure of nineteenth-century Australian science and became involved in significant issues of Australian and New Guinea history.〔 Writing letters to Australian papers, Miklouho-Maclay expressed his opposition to the labour and slave trade ("blackbirding") in Australia, New Caledonia and the Pacific, as well as his opposition to the British and German colonial expansion in New Guinea.〔 (Peter Lawrence, review of the "Moon Man" by Webster, E. ) in the ''Journal of Polynesian Studies'', Volume 95, No. 4, 1986 p 537-542〕 While in Australia, he built the first biological research station in the Southern Hemisphere, was elected to the Linnean Society of New South Wales, was instrumental in establishing the Australasian Biological Association, stayed at the elite Australian Club, became the intimate of the leading amateur scientist and political figure Sir William Macleay, and married the daughter of the Premier of New South Wales.〔 His three grandsons have all contributed to the public life of Australia.〔 One of the earliest followers of Charles Darwin, Miklouho-Maclay is also remembered today as a humanist scholar who, on the basis of his comparative anatomical research, was one of the first anthropologists to refute the prevailing view that the different 'races' of mankind belonged to different species. == Ancestry and early years == Miklouho-Maclay was born in a temporary workers' camp in Borovichi county (uyezd), Novgorod Governorate (currently Okulovsky District of Novgorod Oblast) in Russia, a son of a civil engineer working on the construction of the Moscow-St. Petersburg Railway. His Ukrainian father, Nikolai Illich Myklukha, was born in 1818,〔 in Starodub,〔 Chernigov Governorate, and descended from Stepan Myklukha, a Zaporozhian Cossack who was awarded the title of noble of the Empire by Catherine II for his military exploits during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792),〔Thomassen, E. S. (1882), ''A Biographical Sketch of Nicholas de Miklouho Maclay the Explorer'', Brisbane. Document held in the State Library of New South Wales〕 which included the capture of the Ochakov fortress.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Argus (Melbourne, Vic.): 27 Mar 1882 - Letter to the editor by Mr. E. S. Thomassen )〕 In fact, his Cossack lineage was extensive and also included the Otaman of Zaporizhian Host Okhrim Maklukha,〔 who later became the prototype of Nikolai Gogol's main character Taras Bulba.〔''Dubno Castle''. Dir. Olha Krainyk. Perf. Mykola Tomenko. TVi: Seven Wonders of Ukraine, 2011. (Film ).〕 His paternal grandparents were friends of Gogol's.〔 About his origins, Miklouho-Maclay wrote:〔 My ancestors came originally from the Ukraine, and were Zaporogg-cossacks of the Dnieper. After the annexation of the Ukraine, Stepan, one of the family, served as sotnik (a superior Cossack officer) under General Count Rumianzoff, and having distinguished himself at the storming of the Turkish fortress of Otshakoff, was by ukase of Catherine II created a noble... Nicholas' father, Mykola Maklukha, graduated from the Nizhyn Lyceum (Nizhyn), after which he walked all the way to Saint Petersburg, where he enrolled in the Roadway Institute of Engineering Corps.〔 He graduated from the institute in 1840 and became an engineer assigned to work on the construction of the Moscow–Saint Petersburg Railway.〔 After becoming the first chief of the Moskovsky passenger railway station in Saint Petersburg, Maklukha moved his family there.〔 He died in December 1857 from tuberculosis and was survived by his wife and five children.〔 Before his death, Maklukha was fired from his job for sending 150 rubles to Taras Shevchenko.〔 Nicholas' mother, Ekaterina Semenovna, née Bekker, was of German and Polish descent (her three brothers took part in the January Uprising of 1863). After 1873, the Miklouho-Maclay family purchased and lived in a country estate in Malyn, northwest of Kiev in the Polesia region.〔 One of Nicholas' brothers, Sergei,〔 became a judge in Malyn where he eventually died. Another brother, Mikhail,〔 became a geologist. A third brother, Vladimir,〔 was a captain of the Russian coast defense ship Admiral Ushakov and participated in the Battle of Tsushima where he perished. Both Mikhail and Vladimir were members of the Russian revolutionary organization Narodnaya Volya. Nicholas was baptised on 21 July 1846 by priest Ioann Smirnov at the Shegrinskaya Church of Nikolaos the Wonderworker. His godfather was Nicholas Ridigier, a Borovichi landowner who was a veteran of the Patriotic War of 1812 and a participant in the Battle of Borodino. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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